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Two-dimensional (2D) material-based membranes are promising candidates for various separation applications. However, the further enhancement of membrane ion conductance is difficult, and the regulation of membrane ion selectivity remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the facile fabrication of MXene composite membranes by incorporating spacing agents that contain SO3H groups into the MXene interlayers. The synthesized membrane shows enhanced ion conductance and ion selectivity. Subsequently, the membranes are utilized for salinity gradient power (SGP) generation and lithium-ion (Li+) recovery. The membrane containing poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) as the spacing agent shows a much higher power density for SGP generation as compared to the pristine MXene membrane. Using artificial seawater and river water, the power density reaches 1.57 W/m2 with a testing area of 0.24 mm2. Also, the same membrane shows Li+/Na+ and Li+/K+ selectivities of 2.5 and 3.2, respectively. The incorporation of PSS increases both the size and charge density of the nanochannels inside the membrane, which is beneficial for ion conduction. In addition, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that the binding energy between Li+ and the SO3H group is lower than other alkali ion metals, and this might be one major reason why the membrane possesses high Li+ selectivity. This study demonstrates that incorporating spacing agents into the 2D material matrix is a viable strategy to enhance the performance of the 2D material-based membranes. The results from this study can inspire new membrane designs for emerging applications including energy harvesting and monovalent ion recovery.
Tong et al. (Wed,) studied this question.