Heart Rate Variability’s Association with Positive and Negative Affect in Daily Life: An Experience Sampling Study with Continuous Daytime Electrocardiography over Seven Days

Figures

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  Figure 1. Participant inclusion flowchart.

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  Figure 2. Diurnal variations in the HR and HRV indices (a–e) relative to waking up (start of wear time) and (f–j) relative to going to sleep (end of wear time). (a,f) HR, heart rate; (b,g) HRV-LF, low-frequency power; (c,h) HRV-HF, high-frequency power; (d,i) LF/HF ratio, ratio of low- to high-frequency power; (e,j) RMSSD, root-mean-square of successive differences. The indices were averaged across all individuals and days.

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  Figure 3. Differences in the HR and HRV measures between (a–e) body positions (lying vs. upright) and (f–j) activity classes (inactive vs. active). HR, heart rate; HRV-LF, low-frequency power; HRV-HF, high-frequency power; LF/HF ratio, ratio of low- to high-frequency power; RMSSD, root-mean-square of successive differences. All depicted HR and HRV measures were within-individual standardised. *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 4. Results of within-individual and between-individual analyses of the associations between HR and HRV measures and affective states stratified for being in an upright body position and being inactive. HR, heart rate; HRV-LF, low-frequency power; HRV-HF, high-frequency power; LF/HF ratio, ratio of low- to high-frequency power; RMSSD, root-mean-square of successive differences; CI, confidence interval. The depicted confidence intervals have not been corrected for multiple comparisons. Interpretations concerning the significance of an association might, therefore, differ from the FDR-corrected p-values. Black coloured dots and Cis indicate associations that were significant after FDR correction. Asterisks (*) indicate associations that were significant before, but not after, FDR correction.