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Economists tend to emphasize the optimum, but in many cases, even large deviations from optimal decisions make little difference to the payoff. This has far-reaching implications that are under-recognized, including: (a) decision makers often have a wide margin for error in their production planning decisions, and flexibility to pursue factors not considered in the calculation of payoffs; (b) optimizing techniques are sometimes of limited practical relevance for decision support; (c) the value of information used to refine management decisions is often low; and (d) the benefits of using "precision farming" technologies to adjust production input levels are often low.
David J. Pannell (Tue,) studied this question.