Label-free optical detection techniques have established themselves as irreplaceable analytical tools across research and industry. The technological leap achieved by several detection modalities, reaching single-molecule sensitivity, opens new frontiers but also raises challenges in defining future biotechnological applications. This review discusses the fundamental principles of optical single-molecule detection, its methodological limitations, and the opportunities arising from recent technological advancements.
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Roesel et al. (2025) studied this question.
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