Engineering mixed-dimensional heterostructures for advanced technologies: Fundamental insights

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, formed by stacking atomically thin 2D materials, are emerging platforms for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics. Their weak interlayer forces allow for the integration of materials with different lattice constants and electronic properties, addressing limitations of traditional epitaxial growth. This review focuses on mixed-dimensional vdW heterostructures, which include elements like 0D quantum dots and 1D nanowires, enabling multifunctional device designs and improved performance in areas such as photodetection, sensing, and energy storage. Various synthesis methods, including physical stacking and chemical vapor deposition, have been developed for high-quality interfaces. Despite advancements, challenges remain in interface engineering, scalability, and long-term stability. The review highlights the principles, synthesis techniques, and applications of vdW heterostructures in optoelectronics, spintronics, and quantum technologies.