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This paper proposes a novel framework for embedding the Fixed And Variable Area Discharge (FAVAD) equation into the software EPANET 2.2 for the simulation of water distribution networks (WDNs). This framework yields a realistic model of leakage outflows that accounts for the expansion of the leak area as a function of service pressure. Without altering the source code of EPANET, this is accomplished by using node emitters and by iteratively adjusting emitter coefficients in the Matlab® (R2023a) environment to mimic the effects of the FAVAD equation along WDN pipes. An additional benefit consists of preventing backflow occurring under negative pressure conditions in EPANET 2.2. The application to two benchmark WDNs under various leakage configurations demonstrates the robustness and the numerical efficiency of the framework, as well as the impact and benefits of the FAVAD formulation. For instance, for pipes with higher elasticity, omitting the expansion of the leak area leads to an underestimation of the total leakage rate that exceeds 30% for one of the studied cases. Furthermore, the algorithm successfully prevents leakage backflow under both demand-driven and pressure-driven analyses.
Hafsi et al. (Thu,) studied this question.