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Abstract The permafrost degradation can cause long‐term ground surface subsidence, and the surface undergoes frost heave and thaw settlement due to the ice‐water phase change in the active layer. The multi‐year surveys by leveling observations and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar monitoring (InSAR) are helpful to understand the characteristics of seasonal deformation and to model the permafrost terrain surface deformation. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of seasonal deformation over permafrost terrain in Xidatan, obtained by leveling measurements from 2010 to 2018, Sentinel‐1 data from 2014 to 2020, and hydrothermal‐data‐based simulation. The results consistently showed a four‐stage pattern of seasonal deformation characteristics: Summer thaw subsiding, warm‐season stable‐standing, winter freeze heaving and stable‐standing. The leveling measurements proved that spatial heterogeneity also exists on a small spatial scale (400 m 2 ). The deformation amplitude obtained by leveling data is the largest, and the InSAR data is the smallest.
Liu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.