Improving the anti-icing/frosting property of a nanostructured superhydrophobic surface by the optimum selection of a surface modifier

, defined as the difference in free energy of the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel states, of the SHP-FAS is much lower than the other three SHP surfaces, giving priority to Cassie state condensation and the self-transfer phenomenon helping to effectively inhibit the frosting process by delaying the ice-bridging process, which is beneficial for improving the anti-frosting property. This work sheds light on and improves understanding of the relationship between anti-icing and anti-frosting properties and is helpful in making the optimum selection of a surface modifier for improving the anti-frosting/icing performances of a SHP surface.