Eco-Friendly Paper-Based Electrochemical Device Manufactured with Low-Cost School Supplies and Carbon Black-Graphene Ink for Determination of Endocrine Disruptor in Food

A new paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed using paper and shellac waterproofing, manufactured with a carbon black (CB) and graphene (GP) ink. The content of the ink components was evaluated and optimized for the sensitive voltammetric detection of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterizations were carried out. Enhanced electron transfer kinetic was observed and higher analytical signal was recorded with CB-GP-based PADs for the irreversible oxidation of BPA. When applying square-wave voltammetry under optimized conditions, the 5GP-CB-PAD operated in a linear working range of 5.1 × 10(–6) to 5.0 × 10(–4) mol L(–1) for BPA, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 1.7 × 10(–6) mol L(–1) and 5.1 × 10(–6) mol L(–1), respectively. When applied to canned corn water samples, recoveries of over 84% were recorded, demonstrating the possibility of applying it to this food sample. The new sensor could contribute to the development of other devices made from alternative and sustainable materials.