Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioprotection of YangXinDingJi Capsule against Myocardial Ischemia in Rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Actions of YangXinDingJi (YXDJ) on the electrocardiogram (ECG): (a) statistical analysis of J-point elevation, (b) heart rate, and (c) representative ECG tracings. Values represent the mean ± SE, for 10 rats in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus control (CON); #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus isoproterenol (ISO).

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  Figure 2. Effects of YXDJ on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Representative microscopic photographs of hearts stained with H&E (magnification: 400x). The myocardial tissues obtained from the CON, ISO, verapamil (VER), and high- and low-dose YXDJ groups. Scale bar: 50 μm.

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  Figure 3. Actions of YXDJ on ultrastructural changes. The ultrastructure of cardiac tissues was detected by TEM from the ventricle of the CON, ISO, VER, and high- and low-dose YXDJ groups (magnification: 15000x). Scale bar: 1.0 μm.

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  Figure 4. Actions of YXDJ on cardiac marker enzymes. Sera were analyzed for (a) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and (b) creatine kinase (CK). Values represent the mean ± SE, for 10 rats in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus ISO.

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  Figure 5. Actions of YXDJ on the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (a) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (b). Values represent the mean ± SE, for 10 rats in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus ISO.

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  Figure 6. Actions of YXDJ on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Representative sections from the cardiac of the CON, ISO, VER, and high- and low-dose YXDJ groups. ROS generation was monitored by dihydroethidium staining. Values represent the mean ± SE. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus ISO. Scale bar: 100 μm.

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  Figure 7. Effects of YXDJ on the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI): (a) the expression of IL-6 in serum; (b) the expression of TNF-α in serum. Values represent the mean ± SE, for 10 rats in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus ISO.

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  Figure 8. Actions of YXDJ on the Ca2+ concentrations. Values represent the mean ± SE, for 10 rats in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus ISO.

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  Figure 9. Confirmation of ICa-L in myocardial cells: (a) representative trace of after treatment by VER (0.1 mM); (b) summary data of (a). Values represent the mean ± SE, for 7 cells in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON.

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  Figure 10. Actions of YXDJ capsule on ICa-L of healthy and ischemic cardiomyocytes. Actions of YXDJ capsule on ICa-L of healthy myocardial cells (a–c) and ischemic myocardial cells (d–f). YXDJ capsule ICa-L under control conditions, 500 μg/mL YXDJ, and washout. Values represent the mean ± SE for 7 cells in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON.

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  Figure 11. Actions of YXDJ capsule at different concentrations on ICa-L: (a) time course of exposure to 100–500 μg/mL (in 100 μg/mL increments) and 0.1 mM VER; (b) example of current traces of ICa-L recorded during exposure to 100–500 μg/mL and 0.1 mM VER; (c) concentration-response curve representing the percent inhibitory of YXDJ. Values represent the mean ± SE, for 7 cells in each group. ∗∗P < 0.05 versus CON.

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  Figure 12. Actions of YXDJ capsule on the I–V relationship: (a) representative ICa-L current recordings and (b) the I–V relationship for ICa-L under the treatment of Con (□), YXDJ at 300 μg/mL (○), YXDJ at 500 μg/mL (△), and VER at 0.1 mM (▽). Values represent the mean ± SE for 7 cells in each group.