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Delivering cancer drugs directly to tumors while reducing damage to healthy cells continues to be a significant hurdle in cancer treatment. Poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles present a hopeful solution by overcoming major drawbacks of traditional treatments, such as inadequate tumor targeting, multidrug resistance, and systemic toxicity. These biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers can encapsulate various therapies; such as chemotherapeutic agents (including doxorubicin and cabazitaxel), gene therapies, and immunotherapies, providing extended circulation time and improved accumulation in tumor tissues. PACA nanoparticles can be modified on their surface with targeting ligands such as RGD peptides, folic acid, or transferrin, enabling precise tumor targeting. They also react to tumor-specific environments like acidic pH, elevated glutathione levels, or hypoxia, allowing for controlled and localized drug delivery. Mechanistically, PACA triggers cancer cell death via pathways that include BAX/BAK, p53, and caspases, and it can also modulate autophagy. Improvements in their synthesis such as emulsion polymerization and hybrid structures incorporating materials like carbon nanotubes or bimetallic particles have enhanced their accuracy and therapeutic possibilities. Clinical trials, such as Livatag® in Phase III for hepatic cancer, endorse their translational significance. Despite regulatory and scalability obstacles, PACA nanoparticles serve as a versatile and efficient platform for cancer treatments.
Udaipuria et al. (Mon,) studied this question.