Sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials using different renewable sources

Abstract Background The synthesis of nanomaterials has traditionally relied on methods that pose significant environmental risks due to high-energy demands, hazardous chemicals, and waste generation. For instance, conventional techniques such as chemical vapor deposition and the sol–gel process are known for their high-energy consumption and the production of toxic by-products. This context emphasizes the importance of sustainability in nanomaterial synthesis, leading to a shift toward more eco-friendly methods that integrate principles of green chemistry to lessen the influence on the environment. This transition addresses the harmful effects associated with traditional approaches and promotes the use of renewable resources, such as biomass and agricultural waste, in nanomaterial production. Main body This review focuses on sustainable nanomaterial synthesis methods that utilize renewable resources, such as biomass, agricultural waste, and natural extracts. These approaches reduce energy consumption, limit waste generation, and enhance recyclability, supporting the principles of the nanocircular economy. Various green synthesis strategies, including hydrothermal methods and green solvents, are examined for their effectiveness in producing nanomaterials with desirable properties. The review also highlights the broad applications of these sustainable nanomaterials in catalysis, sensing, biomedical fields, and energy storage. Despite the considerable advancements, the field faces ongoing challenges related to scalability, comprehensive environmental impact assessments, and the need for performance optimization. Conclusion The sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials presents significant opportunities for advancing green technologies and reducing the environmental footprint of nanomaterial production. While challenges remain, continued research and innovation promise further progress toward scalable and efficient methods, driving the development of an environmentally conscious approach to nanomaterial synthesis.