Label-free proteomic analysis of serum exosomes from paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Molecular protein profiles of plasma exosomes from patients with AF and control groups. A Western blots were performed after loading 10 mg of exosomal protein/lane. Protein profiles are shown for exosomes of patients with AF and of controls. CD9, CD63 serves as an exosome marker. B TEM images of exosomes isolated from serum of patients with AF and controls. Exosomes appear as vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 100 nm. a exosomes of AF patients, b exosomes of healthy donors

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  Fig. 2. Differentially expressed protein profiles between AF serum exosome and controls. Total of 440 proteins are identified in patients, with 39 Proteins significantly increased, and 18 decreased in abundance, 40 consistent presence, 75 decreased by greater than two-fold and p < 0.05. Volcanic maps showed the significant changing of proteins between the patients and controls. The ratio of expression of these proteins in patients to controls are plotted against the p value. Selected proteins with a greater than two-fold change in expression are annotated. The red spots indicate proteins in significant changing. The black spots indicate proteins had no significant difference. Log2 expression values of the significantly differentially expressed proteins in different samples are displayed in the thermograph in different colors. Red and blue indicate up- or down regulation respectively, grey indicates no protein quantitative information

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  Fig. 3. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses of the proteins in AF serum exosome and controls. GO function included three categories: biological processes (BP), cell components (CCs), and molecular function (MF) The abscissa in the graph represents the enriched GO functional classification, the ordinate represents the number of differentiated proteins under each functional classification; and the bar color represents the significance of enriched GO functional classification, i.e. based on Fisher exact test. (Fisher’s Exact Test) calculates p value. The color gradient represents the size of p value. The color gradient changes from orange to red, and the closer the red represents p value, the higher the significance level of GO functional category enrichment. The upper label on bar chart shows richFator <= 1, and the enrichment factor represents the number of differentially expressed proteins annotated to a GO functional category, proportion of all identified proteins released into the GO functional category

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  Fig. 4. Three relatively concentrated nets were obtained by PPI analysis. These changes were manifested in blood anticoagulation, changes of immune system, and changes related to protein folding (a)