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Green synthesis nanoparticles are universally used in the removal of industrial colourants, including synthetic dye methylene blue. This analysis aims to delve into and assess various synthesis techniques, drawing a comparison between traditional methods and environmentally friendly alternatives. It will highlight the ecological benefits associated with biosynthesis. Additionally, we will examine the photodegradation process of methylene blue, utilising the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model to understand the dynamics involved. This includes a detailed investigation of the factors influencing the removal efficiency of methylene blue, as well as an exploration of the adsorption isotherm model. The characterisation of the materials will be comprehensively detailed, focusing on properties evaluated through techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, and Zeta potential analysis. We will also address the limitations of the current study and provide insights into future research directions. This photo-catalytic activity increases the transfer of colourant concentration in the waste substance and makes the environment pollution-free. For the bright future all around the world, this review showed the perfect alternative source to reduce the industrial effluent that is harmful to the environment and human beings. Including these methodologies, the main technologies behind nanotechnology play an important role in ruling the world with very minute materials with highly efficient mechanisms. The main eco-friendly methodology is green synthesised nanoparticles; it has given extensive activity in recent biotechnological areas. This converse clearly explains the prospects behind the synthesis of nanomaterials.
Pandian et al. (Wed,) studied this question.