Mechanistic Studies on the Impact of Transcription on Sequence-specific Termination of DNA Replication and Vice Versa

Since DNA replication and transcription often temporally and spatially overlap each other, the impact of one process on the other is of considerable interest. We have reported previously that transcription is impeded at the replication termini of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in a polar mode and that, when transcription is allowed to invade a replication terminus from the permissive direction, arrest of replication fork at the terminus is abrogated. In the present report, we have addressed four significant questions pertaining to the mechanism of transcription impedance by the replication terminator proteins. Is transcription arrested at the replication terminus or does RNA polymerase dissociate from the DNA causing authentic transcription termination? How does transcription cause abrogation of replication fork arrest at the terminus? Are the points of arrest of the replication fork and transcription the same or are these different? Are eukaryotic RNA polymerases also arrested at prokaryotic replication termini? Our results show that replication terminator proteins of E. coli and B. subtilis arrest but do not terminate transcription. Passage of an RNA transcript through the replication terminus causes the dissociation of the terminator protein from the terminus DNA, thus causing abrogation of replication fork arrest. DNA and RNA chain elongation are arrested at different locations on the terminator sites. Finally, although bacterial replication terminator proteins blocked yeast RNA polymerases in a polar fashion, a yeast transcription terminator protein (Reb1p) was unable to block T7 RNA polymerase and E. coli DnaB helicase. Since DNA replication and transcription often temporally and spatially overlap each other, the impact of one process on the other is of considerable interest. We have reported previously that transcription is impeded at the replication termini of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in a polar mode and that, when transcription is allowed to invade a replication terminus from the permissive direction, arrest of replication fork at the terminus is abrogated. In the present report, we have addressed four significant questions pertaining to the mechanism of transcription impedance by the replication terminator proteins. Is transcription arrested at the replication terminus or does RNA polymerase dissociate from the DNA causing authentic transcription termination? How does transcription cause abrogation of replication fork arrest at the terminus? Are the points of arrest of the replication fork and transcription the same or are these different? Are eukaryotic RNA polymerases also arrested at prokaryotic replication termini? Our results show that replication terminator proteins of E. coli and B. subtilis arrest but do not terminate transcription. Passage of an RNA transcript through the replication terminus causes the dissociation of the terminator protein from the terminus DNA, thus causing abrogation of replication fork arrest. DNA and RNA chain elongation are arrested at different locations on the terminator sites. Finally, although bacterial replication terminator proteins blocked yeast RNA polymerases in a polar fashion, a yeast transcription terminator protein (Reb1p) was unable to block T7 RNA polymerase and E. coli DnaB helicase. The chromosomes of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and some plasmids like R6K, initiate replication from specific origins and the replication forks moving either bi- or unidirectionally, are arrested at sequence-specific replication termini (1Bastia D. Manna A.C. Sahoo T. Setlow J.K. Genetic Engineering. 19. Plenum Press, New York1997: 101-119Google Scholar, 2Bastia D. Mohanty B.K. DePamphilis M. Eukaryotic DNA Replication. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY1996: 177-215Google Scholar, 3Hill T.H. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1992; 46: 603-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). Sequence-specific replication fork barriers have also been observed in the nontranscribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4Brewer B.J. Lockshon D. Fangman W.L. Cell. 1992; 71: 267-276Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar, 5Kobayashi T. Hidaka M. Nishizawa M. Horiuchi T. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992; 233: 355-362Crossref PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar), plants (6Hernandez P.L. Martin-Parras M.L. Martinez-Robles M.L. Schvartzman J.B. EMBO J. 1993; 12: 1475-1485Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar), Xenopus (7Wiesendanger B. Lucchini R. Koller T. Sogo J.M. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994; 22: 5038-5046Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar), and human (8Little R.D. Platt T., H. Schildkraut C.L. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 6600-6613Crossref PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar). The replication termini are sequence-specific and bind to cognate terminator proteins, and the protein-DNA complex arrests replication forks in an orientation-dependent manner (9Sista P.R. Mukherjee S Patel P. Khatri G.S. Bastia D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 3026-3030Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, 10Hidaka M. Akiyama M. Horiuchi T. Cell. 1988; 55: 467-475Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). The terminator protein of E. coli, called Tus, is a 36-kDa monomer that binds to the ∼22-bp 1The abbreviations used are: bp, base pair(s); nt, nucleotide(s); RTP, replication terminator protein; RNAP, RNA polymerase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; DTT, dithiothreitol; TE, Tris·HCl plus EDTA. 1The abbreviations used are: bp, base pair(s); nt, nucleotide(s); RTP, replication terminator protein; RNAP, RNA polymerase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; DTT, dithiothreitol; TE, Tris·HCl plus EDTA. Ter(τ) sequence and arrests replication fork by antagonizing helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding in a polar mode (11Khatri G.S. MacAllister T. Sista P.R. Bastia D. Cell. 1989; 59: 667-674Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 12Lee E.H. Kornberg A. Hidaka M. Kobayashi T. Horiuchi T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 9104-9108Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar, 13Hiasa H. Marians K.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The replication terminator protein of B. subtilis, in is a of that binds to the cognate of that an and an sequence J. 1989; PubMed Google Scholar, J. Mol. Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. Mol. Biol. 1992; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. Patel Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The used terminus of B. subtilis is called Mol. Microbiol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), binds to of and arrests replication forks in a polar mode J. 1989; PubMed Google Scholar, J. Mol. Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. Mol. Biol. 1992; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Since a in replication B. subtilis is to we have an E. in to the mechanism of of S. Mohanty B.K. Sahoo T. Patel S. Bastia D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The complex of B. subtilis been to block replication fork of E. coli in in an orientation-dependent manner J. Mol. Biol. 1994; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). and block the replication fork of E. coli by DNA unwinding by the DnaB (11Khatri G.S. MacAllister T. Sista P.R. Bastia D. Cell. 1989; 59: 667-674Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 12Lee E.H. Kornberg A. Hidaka M. Kobayashi T. Horiuchi T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 9104-9108Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar, S. Mohanty B.K. Sahoo T. Patel S. Bastia D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). and have been in the by the of the of at Bastia D. S. Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF Scopus (76) Google and of complex at Horiuchi T. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The DNA Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), A.C. Bastia D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), and DnaB A.C. Bastia D. Cell. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google of have been by and that used the a the DNA of been the of and Horiuchi T. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The impact of transcription on the J. Mol. Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. Scopus Google and elongation of DNA replication have been reported B. M.L. 1993; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). We have reported previously that and block RNA chain elongation by prokaryotic RNA polymerases in a polar mode and that the of an RNA transcript that the terminus from the permissive causes of the replication terminus B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). We have that the polar arrest of transcription the terminus from by B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. M. Manna A.C. Bastia D. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The transcription and of DNA replication is of the replication points of B. subtilis that are A. S. Mol. Microbiol. PubMed Scopus Google to by transcription. B. and D. B. and D. In the present we to four questions the transcription and replication is the of RNA polymerase when the complex that is in Is the arrested or does dissociate from the DNA to authentic of the of transcription through the replication terminus cause the dissociation of the protein from the complex thus replication fork arrest or is by a of the complex that does not of Are the DNA and RNA blocked at the same of the terminus? Are eukaryotic blocked by prokaryotic replication proteins, eukaryotic transcription proteins block and a prokaryotic In report, we present a of in and in that these The results show that replication terminator proteins arrested but not cause transcription the terminator proteins to dissociate from the thus the mechanism of abrogation of replication fork arrest. The transcription and replication arrest are the replication terminator proteins blocked eukaryotic a eukaryotic transcription terminator protein to block T7 and E. coli DnaB helicase. on arrest of T7 by Tus, the plasmids and by a of DNA the Ter(τ) in either at the of and plasmids in to T7 by and and DNA in to E. coli by have been previously B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). on of E. coli by Tus, the was in either of a to the DNA and DNA the was by polymerase chain a of the and the or the and a that the a DNA the was by the and or the and a that the was in each each of and the Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google from the of was a to the and the of of Tus, RTP, and T7 been previously B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. M. Manna A.C. Bastia D. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). E. coli RNA polymerase was from the by New to M. E. A. A. 1993; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), some The from that the RNA polymerase and on a PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The RNA polymerase was a in and used transcription. some we have also coli RNA polymerase that was B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). protein was to Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google some RNA polymerase and from was from U. S. protein was a from transcription previously B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). transcription in the of in the the of E. coli when is blocked by of binds to DNA a but does not or transcription was of the DNA of protein or or at in transcription DTT, each of the four and of of E. coli RNA polymerase was and at was by to by to and to The was at The transcription was one was transcription to a of or the other was The was at of was and was at The RNA was and in a the of E. coli when is blocked by Tus, a was transcription was in the of the of RNAP, and was at by of of the and a of and was in a The of to transcription DNA and the of on the by The of a transcription that was of of the DNA by and and was at in transcription or was to the and was at was to a of and the in a of the or at the was of protein at of T7 was and of an was and was at The was in a to of the protein from transcription by the E. coli of T. M. of of and the the in replication was and replication from previously B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). The was in a The replication the was from the and in The DNA was and in The DNA was by through and in The DNA was in a the by was the replication to the The was to the replication in to the and one was by DNA polymerase each and The in a the of the blocked at the terminator protein in to of the was to transcription impedance by the terminator proteins. The of the was used and at and and and previously B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). The was in a to transcription the of RNA in the RTP, the DNA was the from the was by DNA polymerase in the of and that the was Tus, the DNA was was was by DNA polymerase in the of and the DNA was and the the was from a used transcription from plasmids in the or the The by a to the by DNA to a to in a of DNA, of protein in DTT, of of each of and and of RNA polymerase or in the DTT, and or to the in the at yeast was and was at by at and in the of of yeast RNA was in B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google and in a transcription by T7 RNA the same that the transcription was T7 RNA polymerase B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google and used each of and of and of T7 used from the plasmids and to the in the was to an the The transcription of DNA and or of same transcription We have previously that RNA chain elongation by E. coli and T7 in an orientation-dependent manner B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). The same of the complex RNA and DNA chain We to and by the of complex on chain elongation by T7 and the E. coli RNA We DNA the of E. coli in the that replication forks (11Khatri G.S. MacAllister T. Sista P.R. Bastia D. Cell. 1989; 59: 667-674Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 12Lee E.H. Kornberg A. Hidaka M. Kobayashi T. Horiuchi T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 9104-9108Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar), and transcription from a T7 by T7 in the of or of DNA of DNA and and of transcript of and of of the that the in the not show impedance of the and thus observed an of was used from a DNA that also a T7 but in the complex blocked to a of of the in the replication of T7 and E. coli RNA polymerases by E. coli replication terminator protein of the of the and plasmids used transcription from the T7 in either in the of a transcript of In the of Tus, a transcript of from from transcript of a orientation-dependent of T7 RNA polymerase by transcription of DNA Ter(τ) in the in the of and of protein of transcription of DNA the in the in the of and of protein of an of of the that T7 RNA polymerase transcription in the replication of a of E. coli RNA polymerase by transcription of the in the in the of and of protein; transcription of in the of and of that coli RNA polymerase in the replication the orientation-dependent impedance of transcription by E. coli at the of the by in the of a transcript of transcription was in the of or or of DNA, a transcript of was the in the but not in the T7 and E. impeded by the replication terminator DNA complex in an orientation-dependent The observed impedance of by the complex a arrest of the a the dissociation of the from the DNA, or an authentic of transcription by the dissociation of from the DNA and of the We to these different The was on the that, RNA chain elongation by is arrested but not at the terminator protein-DNA a transcript and of the terminator protein from the to transcription to the of the We to of a we the of have that binds to DNA a of the DNA P. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The protein arrests but does not terminate transcription from an J. Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). been that do not a complex or an E. coli RNA polymerase from DNA J. Mol. Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The of of transcription from the by E. coli and of the by Tus, or The protein was from the by to or and the RNA transcript was on the of E. coli blocked by and was from the binds E. coli of was a sequence of B. by sites. transcription was in the or the of or proteins to the cognate the was and was to or to one of the to the other was and the was by E. coli in the of protein in to the transcript In the of to the a and a transcript and of or the to and of not the of transcription by RNA polymerase We the same and but a that a and that the and the by E. coli in the of protein in to some transcript In the of and the of a transcript some that also in the of and and and in been that of or from J. Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). We that of the complex by the used in the transcription that was that the DNA the was to a of in a and of to the of a the same the DNA and The that RNA polymerase arrested at the and and the the terminator proteins are from the was arrest but of transcription at the replication termini in We have the of the arrested at the was in the of and the was at and to at different one was at and the other the but Our have that the arrested at the replication terminus at the to RNA the protein was by not the arrest of E. coli by complex we a of the RNA polymerase The is in transcription of the the and the present in either was and In the the Ter(τ) in the the arrested by a of the complex by in in the of Tus, was that transcription and the of the to the was of the of In the the in the not show of the RNA polymerase in the or of and and The in the of and in the of and in the RNA polymerase and or in the of and RNA polymerase and RNA polymerase or RNA polymerase and in the and to the of transcription and and and The by RNA polymerase transcription was of the of the RNA these the that RNA polymerase is arrested at the complex but does not dissociate from the We have reported previously that of an RNA transcript through the replication terminus causes the of the arrested and the replication fork B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. M. Manna A.C. Bastia D. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). are at that the of the replication terminus by the of the transcript the of the complex at the replication terminus the of or dissociate the from the cognate DNA We to these by the The is in DNA the was used to the protein that from the and transcription by T7 complex of that was or by T7 was the from the complex and by the a of not show a thus that was arrested at the complex and thus not dissociate the from the of or not show either and or and The to and was observed when the same a was T7 the that of an RNA transcript through the complex from the permissive causes the dissociation of the protein from the thus the mechanism of of replication Since the replication terminator proteins arrest replication and we to the of replication and transcription arrest the that to the of the mechanism of arrest. The of the arrest of the and the is in A. We that the arrest of the replication fork the and of the thus a of the of the The of the of arrest of the by by an the results of a by on the that the of the of the the replication fork at the Ter(τ) are arrest that are to each The of the was to have of the arrest The arrest when the was used and The was also in the when the was present in a of E. coli The the arrest been in The the was to at the and the in replication block that been reported T.H. Marians K.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The of the by transcription by DNA on transcription of E. coli and T7 at and of the E. coli and T7 block and and block is in The that the RNA polymerases and DNA polymerase at different from the terminator not from one the of the was of arrest T.H. Marians K.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the of transcription E. coli and T7 RNA polymerases at the the the RNA polymerases is at the is at the We do not the terminator proteins are to arrest but not in and DNA (11Khatri G.S. MacAllister T. Sista P.R. Bastia D. Cell. 1989; 59: 667-674Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 12Lee E.H. Kornberg A. Hidaka M. Kobayashi T. Horiuchi T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 9104-9108Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar, S. Mohanty B.K. Sahoo T. Patel S. Bastia D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. M. Manna A.C. Bastia D. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of yeast and are blocked by transcription terminator proteins that bind to specific DNA Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. Scopus Google Scholar). We to the of by the yeast protein the is to the mechanism of polar arrest of DNA and RNA chain We to the yeast transcription terminator the of yeast Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), also block a prokaryotic RNAP, and RTP, prokaryotic and RNAP, also block eukaryotic that, reported previously Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), blocked yeast RNA polymerase in an orientation-dependent manner not block T7 in We have also observed that not block DnaB of E. coli not that yeast RNA polymerase was blocked by in an orientation-dependent manner was also to block yeast RNA polymerase in an orientation-dependent manner and and In although not block either T7 RNA polymerase or DnaB was of yeast and The and overlap of replication and transcription in the not of the impact of transcription on the of replication but also of the impact of replication on transcription J. Mol. Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. Scopus Google Scholar, B. M.L. 1993; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, D. A. Schildkraut Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. J. Sci. Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of replication of and of yeast have been reported J. Mol. Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. Scopus Google Scholar). The impact of transcription on the elongation of replication been and the results show that transcription does not have impact on fork other causing a arrest of the fork when the replication fork and the each other from of a replication fork not from a B. M.L. 1993; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In that are in S also D. A. Schildkraut Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; PubMed Scopus Google and that are to Fangman Cell. 1988; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). proteins, have been in of also to of transcription of yeast A. J. Sci. Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). transcription and DNA replication to have a significant on each We have the impact of transcription on the of DNA replication and and have that replication terminator proteins not arrest replication forks and but also transcription elongation by prokaryotic RNA polymerases in a polar transcription is allowed to through a replication terminus from the permissive direction, the of the replication terminus to arrest replication forks is B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). Since in some through a protein-DNA complex the protein E. Cell. Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Cell. 1992; 71: Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Cell. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), was to the mechanism of of replication The in that the the replication terminator proteins from the replication in transcription a mechanism of replication In B. subtilis, replication forks are arrested at termini on either of the replication and the arrest the forks are and to the replication termini A. S. Mol. Microbiol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Our that transcription by the to the of the sites. B. and D. in The arrest of elongation also been in the of protein of E. coli P.L. Mol. Microbiol. 1992; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The elongation of transcription in and to of and authentic Annu. Rev. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The is to the of RNA polymerase specific DNA and is in and the RNA polymerase to the RNA chain the of of transcription is of and is by the of proteins to DNA, although not proteins arrest J. Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, Annu. Rev. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The arrested to the DNA and to the RNA chain the protein is by some of transcription by DNA and transcription terminator proteins, in the dissociation of and of the RNA The in that replication terminator proteins of E. coli and B. subtilis arrested but not terminate RNA In the replication terminator proteins like the binds to a of and arrests but does not terminate transcription P. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, J. Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, Annu. Rev. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The protein is also to arrest transcription in a polar mode Mol. Microbiol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the arrest of by the replication terminator proteins a by the of the proteins the replication or does also some the and the arrested one the of of the arrested proteins that prokaryotic reported and of yeast by a of specific D. Mohanty B.K. DePamphilis M. Eukaryotic DNA Replication. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY1996: 177-215Google Scholar, B.K. Sahoo T. Bastia D. EMBO J. PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. M. Manna A.C. Bastia D. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). the other replication terminator proteins do not arrest show some in replication are not arrested either in or in S. Mohanty B.K. Sahoo T. Patel S. Bastia D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, T. Mohanty B.K. M. Manna A.C. Bastia D. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, and of Press, Scholar). is that the arrested and the proteins. to these are the polar arrest of DNA and RNA by replication terminator proteins. but have been reported to proteins and in and M. A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). proteins different of E. coli The protein of called the A. D. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), the terminus of the of at the points of either the or RNA polymerase cause of transcription the of one by the of a different a different of M. A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. D. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. R. A. H. J. J. S. Nucleic Acids Res. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar). these although not The reported that replication forks and are arrested at different locations of the sequence to in to the of and cognate on The different locations of the of DNA and RNA polymerases from the of arrest or from the of these and the terminator terminus The that the protein of yeast of yeast was of either T7 or DnaB reported that the eukaryotic transcription terminator protein also the that arrests A. Scopus Google Scholar). Finally, on the transcription and replication the of of and that bind to DNA but do not arrest that the of to arrest is also the points and and by A. D. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar). We and of yeast and and of E. coli RNAP, on the impact of transcription on sequence-specific of DNA replication and of of the and are and the are PDF