Effect of Chinese Herbs on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Immunity Indices, Antioxidant Capacity and Metabolomics in Early Weaned Yak Calves

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. The average daily air temperature throughout the experimental period.

• 

  Figure 2. The main components of the three herbal extracts; (a), Main components in three herbal extracts detected by UHPLC-QE-MS; (b), ligustilide, flavonoids, and terpenoids of three herbal root extracts detected by UHPLC-QE-MS; (c), polysaccharides and total saponins (Angelica sinensis not measured) of three herbal root extracts.

• 

  Figure 3. Total ion chromatograms (TICs) from all quality control (QC) samples detected by UHPLC-QE-MS in positive (a) and negative (b) modes. QC was prepared by mixing an equal aliquot of the supernatants from all samples. Q1 to Q4 were repeated samples to determine the stability of the instrument.

• 

  Figure 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) model score scatter plot, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, and permutation test: (a–c) were derived from yak calves consuming Angelica sinensis and control calves, (d–f) were derived from yak calves consuming Codonopsis pilosula and control calves, and (g–i) were derived from yak calves consuming Glycyrrhiza uralensis and control calves.

• 

  Figure 5. Pathway (each bubble represents a pathway) analysis of potential metabolite biomarkers. The larger the bubble, the larger the impact value; the darker the color of the bubble, the smaller the p-value: (a), Angelica sinensis group; (b), Codonopsis pilosula group; (c), Glycyrrhiza uralensis group.

• 

  Figure 6. Network graph for the early weaned yak calves consuming herbal root extracts. The red metabolites represent down-regulation, and the blue metabolites represent up-regulation: (a), Angelica sinensis group; (b), Codonopsis pilosula group; (c), Glycyrrhiza uralensis group.