Lanthanide-based catalysts for electrochemical water splitting: unraveling the interplay of structure, properties, and performance

Materials based on lanthanides have become attractive options for water-splitting applications owing to their unique electronic characteristics, such as their large ionic radii, efficient electronic interactions, and changeable oxidation states, which are largely responsible for their exceptional catalytic efficacy and longevity. Because of recent developments that have significantly decreased overpotential and improved long-term stability in harsh electrochemical environments, lanthanides are now considered to be viable options for renewable energy applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of various classes of lanthanide-based electrocatalysts, encompassing metal oxides, phosphides, chalcogenides, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and perovskites. Significant advantages in electrocatalytic performance have also been achieved through the discussion of logical design techniques like doping, heterostructure formation, and conductive material introduction. These techniques concentrate on altering the electronic features, stabilizing reactive sites, and improving charge transport kinetics. This study also explores the various synthesis strategies, structural characteristics, and catalytic mechanisms that contribute to their performance. Furthermore, we present a forward-looking perspective on the potential of lanthanide-based materials to revolutionize water-splitting technologies, emphasizing the prospects for future research and applications. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and engineers seeking to advance the field of sustainable energy through the utilization of lanthanide-based catalysts.