Context Is Medicine: Integrating the Exposome into Neurorehabilitation

Neurorehabilitation has become increasingly data-enabled, yet the conditions that most strongly modulate recovery, sleep consolidation, circadian alignment, medication ecology, and social-environmental context are rarely captured or acted upon. This opinion paper argues that an exposome perspective, defined as the cumulative pattern of external and internal exposures and their biological imprints across the life course, is not ancillary to rehabilitation but foundational to making therapy learnable, timely, and equitable. We propose a pragmatic model that centers on a minimal exposure dataset collected in minutes and interpreted at the point of care. Two clinical exemplars illustrate feasibility and utility. First, sleep and circadian rhythms: brief actigraphy and standardized reporting can make daily alertness windows visible, allowing teams to align high-intensity sessions to receptive states and to justify environmental adjustments as clinical interventions. Second, anticholinergic burden: a simple, trackable index can be integrated with functional goals to guide deprescribing and optimize cognitive availability for training. Implementation hinges less on new infrastructure than on workflow design: a short intake that surfaces high-yield exposures; embedding targets, e.g., sleep efficiency thresholds or anticholinergic load reductions, into plans of care; enabling secure import of device data; and training staff to interpret rhythm metrics and burden scores. We outline a parallel research agenda comprising pragmatic trials of bundled, exposure-informed care; longitudinal cohorts with time-stamped exposure streams; and causal methods suited to time-varying confounding, all under explicit equity and ethics safeguards. By measuring a few modifiable exposures and linking them to routine decisions, neurorehabilitation can convert context from a source of unexplained variance into actionable levers that improve outcomes and narrow unjust gaps in recovery.