Comparative Study of Embedded Energy Management Methods Based on Machine Learning for Dual-Source Electric Vehicles

In the actual context of dual-source electric vehicles (DSEVs), efficient energy management strategies (EMSs) are essential to optimize energy distribution between batteries and supercapacitors. However, achieving real-time decision-making and adaptability in resource-constrained environments remains a significant challenge. This study addresses these challenges by comparing two advanced machine learning (ML)-based EMSs: Driving Mode Prediction-based EMS (DMP-EMS) and Multi-Ensemble Learning-based EMS (MEL-EMS). Using Signal Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation and a Raspberry Pi 4 platform, the two EMSs are evaluated based on various criteria, including performance accuracy, model complexity, training and prediction times, required computing resources, scalability, and energy consumption. The findings highlight the trade-offs between these EMSs, offering insights into designing tailored EMSs for DSEVs under varying operational demands. While MEL-EMS excels in environments where prediction accuracy is paramount since it offers superior predictive performance suitable for applications demanding high accuracy and scalability, DMP-EMS provides a more efficient and practical solution for real-time energy management in resource-constrained settings.