Numerical Analysis of Large-Scale Phased Array Calibration, Using a Kronecker Product Formulation

This paper proposes a calibration method for large-scale phased arrays based on a Kronecker product formulation, termed the Kronecker Product Method (KPM). Unlike the conventional Phase Toggling Method (PTM), which excites one element per measurement and suffers from limited measurement diversity, KPM employs simultaneous binary-phase excitation across all elements. This structure enhances robustness against noise and error accumulation, particularly in large arrays or high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions. KPM retains PTM’s simplicity and 1-bit phase control compatibility while offering superior theoretical properties and practical performance.