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Wastewater management has become crucial as the global population grows. Construction wetlands (CWs) have emerged as a promising way to treat wastewater, providing a natural and cost-effective alternative. This review aims to present a state-of-the-art review of CWs for sustainable wastewater management. The major parameters affecting constructed wetlands are characterized as unit parameters, operational parameters, and meteorological parameters. The unit parameters are media and vegetation, and the major operational parameters are hydraulic loading rate and hydraulic flow rate. Among this, the unit and operational parameters can be controlled by operators or design engineers whereas in the case of meteorological parameters the uncontrollable ones. This study examines initially the major interaction between unit and operational parameters affecting the performance of CWs. Then the effect of meteorological parameters are, namely, temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity on unit parameters and operational parameters. Furthermore, overall challenges faced in constructed wetlands are critically reviewed, and suitable recommendations suggested to improve the overall performance are discussed. This review concludes that to maximize CW efficiency, design considerations include selecting appropriate wetlands (surface flow, subsurface flow, hybrid), determining the configuration of a system (horizontal flow or vertical flow), selecting the substrate material, and incorporating innovative technologies such as solar-powered aeration systems and biochar-amended substrates. In the future, integrating wetlands with other advanced treatment technologies, enhancing plant species and microbial consortia, adapting to climate variations, and developing better monitoring and modeling methods.
Pandiarajan et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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