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The rise of emerging mobility services (EMS), particularly ridehailing and micromobility , has transformed urban transportation and challenged the traditional public transit (PT) system. This has led to coopetition dynamics between EMS and PT, characterized by supplementary, complementary, and competitive interactions, which introduce complexity to discussions on equity, cost, and sustainability. The long-term impact will also depend on how EMS is integrated with existing PT and how cities manage these challenges. This study addresses these gaps by conducting a systematic literature review of EMS and PT coopetition dynamics, focusing on the equity implications of accessibility. The findings reveal that ridehailing primarily competes with PT while complementing it during disruptions and in areas with limited service; however, it disproportionately benefits affluent areas, exacerbating inequities. Conversely, micromobility supplements PT as first- and last-mile solutions while also competing in city centers. This study also offers topology and pathways from coopetition to equitable EMS and PT integration.
Beza et al. (Sat,) studied this question.