A review of preparation methods and biomedical applications of micro-nano magnetic particles

With the continuous advancement of micro-nano technology, micro-nano magnetic particles have found widespread applications in biomedical fields (including drug delivery, biosensing, and cell therapy) owing to their unique functions and biocompatibility. Their magnetism primarily originates from magnetic materials in the core, including metals, metal alloys, and ferrite-based ceramic materials. Through physical or chemical methods, these magnetic materials are incorporated into biocompatible matrices to form micro-nano magnetic particles with uniform size, excellent stability, and multifunctionality. Properties of these particles tailored by fabrication methods also affect their biomedical applications. This paper reviews the physical and chemical fabrication methods of micro-nano magnetic particles, summarizes their biomedical applications comprehensively, and further discusses the current challenges in their fabrication as well as prospects for their future biomedical applications.