A Review of Hardware-in-the-Loop Applications in Coordinating Emission Control and Energy Efficiency in the Automotive Sector

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) technology combines physical hardware with virtual models to achieve efficient closed-loop simulation of automotive systems, demonstrating significant advantages in the development of automotive emissions and energy consumption. This paper reviews the current applications of three HIL technologies, including powertrain-in-the-Loop (PIL), engine-in-the-Loop (EIL), and Virtual Test Bed (VTB). It also explores their role in addressing the increasingly stringent regulations on emissions and energy consumption. Research indicates that PIL technology can significantly improve the efficiency with which hybrid powertrain control strategies are verified by integrating real powertrains with virtual environments. EIL technology enables the high-precision simulation of real-world emissions at low hardware cost. VTB technology, meanwhile, significantly reduces the calibration period by leveraging high-precision models and intelligent algorithms. These three technologies form a comprehensive development and verification chain, covering everything from components to vehicles. However, HIL technology still faces challenges relating to model accuracy, system complexity and cost. Therefore, the most suitable technology should be selected based on development objectives, timeframe, and budget.