Survey identifies four major CUDA-independent HPC paths in 2026, highlighting their implications for AI agents.
This survey examines four major CUDA-independent HPC paths available in 2026: Apple Metal/OpenFPM, AMD ROCm/HIP, Intel SYCL/oneAPI, and Khronos Vulkan Compute. A comparison matrix across seven dimensions is presented along with a case study of Hayula Sovereign, a research lab running 45+ AI agents at zero cloud cost using Apple Silicon hardware.
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Yahya Saqban (2026) studied this question.
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