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July 24, 2026Critical Care MedicineOpen Access

Critical Care Aggression and Violence Events (CAVE) Against Nurses in the ICU: Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Recurrence

Anja I. Frei Sebastian Berger Pascale Grzonka Simon A. Amacher Paulina Kliem Caroline E. Gebhard Sabina Hunziker Raoul Sutter

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Key Points

Quantify and characterize aggression and violence against nurses in the ICU and identify risk factors for recurrence.
Retrospective single-center study at a tertiary medical-surgical ICU from 2023 to 2024.
Data collected from clinical reports by ICU nurses during 2190 shifts.
Multivariable analyses identified independent associations related to aggression and violence incidents.
308 incidents of aggression/violence reported (14% of shifts).
Recurrence predicted by longer ICU stay (OR=1.05 per hour) and initial incidents of aggression (OR=6.9).
60% of incidents caused complications in patients, primarily from oversedation and restraint-related injuries.

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Implication

Retrospective study assesses aggression and violence towards ICU nurses, revealing predictors for recurrence.

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Cite This Study

Frei et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a65a890d3aea3239cd78e86 https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000007264

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Keep reading

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

1Incidence and predictors of delirium-associated violence towards healthcare workers in a Swiss ICU: results from the CAVE studyCohort Study · 2026
2The paradox of workplace violence in the intensive care unit: a focus group study2024 · 14 citations
3AGGRESSION AS A RISK FACTOR IN HEALTH CARE2024
4Nurses’ perceptions of the nature and frequency of aggression in general ward settings and high dependency areasOriginal Research · 2000 · 200 citations
5Workplace Violence in Nursing: Prevalence and Nature of Incidents in a Tertiary University HospitalCross-Sectional Study · 2026

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