Bean, A.R. (2001).Pappus morphology and terminology in Australian and New Zealand thistles (Asteraceae, tribe Cardueae).Austrobaileya 6 (1) 139-152.23 pappus characters (including several newly recognised) and five achene characters have been used to compile comprehensive morphological descriptions for 30 species of mostly naturalised thistles occurring in Australia and New Zealand.This represents the first detailed English account of pappus morphology for tribe Cardueae.Some new pappus terminology for the tribe is introduced, and standardised definitions are suggested.A key to the described species is provided, based on pappus and achene morphology only.
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A. R. Bean (2001) studied this question.