NSF: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Non‐Gadolinium Options for the Imaging of CKD/ESRD Patients

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a severe systemic disorder developing apparently exclusively in patients in advanced renal failure who receive a gadolinium chelate contrast-enhancing agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Some other apparent risk factors have been identified but their status remains uncertain. Physicians are frequently confronted with patients at risk of NSF who need imaging. An approach to planning imaging in patients at risk to develop NSF is outlined.