Abscess Formation in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius): A Review

Abscess formation in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) constitutes a major health and economic problem, leading to anemia, weight loss, reduced productivity, compromised reproductive performance, and carcass condemnation. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation of abscesses in dromedary camels, with an emphasis on etiology, classification, anatomical predilection sites, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic management. Abscesses are defined as localized accumulations of purulent material resulting from tissue destruction and inflammatory expansion. In camels, they are predominantly associated with pyogenic bacterial infections, particularly Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium pyogenes, group B streptococci, and staphylococci, which frequently involve superficial lymph nodes and contribute to caseous lymphadenitis. Common sites include the parotid and submandibular regions, subconjunctival area, umbilicus, prescapular and thoracic regions, as well as abdominal, pelvic, thigh, and peri-mammary areas. Clinically, superficial abscesses typically present as well-circumscribed, firm, painful, and warm swellings, whereas deep-seated abscesses in the thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic cavities are often associated with systemic signs such as fever, anorexia, weight loss, pain, and restricted movement. Ultrasonographically, abscesses demonstrate stage-dependent echogenic patterns, ranging from homogeneous echogenic contents in acute stages to heterogeneous, hypoechoic or to hyperechoic areas with internal septations in chronic cases, usually enclosed by a distinct echogenic capsule. Therapeutic management primarily involves promoting abscess maturation, followed by surgical incision and thorough drainage. It is concluded that an integrated clinical and ultrasonographic approach is essential for accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and effective management, ultimately improving treatment outcomes.