This note explores the causal structure of fermionic signs, revealing structural interpretations that shift understanding of convergence problems.
This note continues the Berry-phase line that resolved the CP-angle problem in SupplementXII. There the Berry phase of the closed triangle was the right quantity; here it is the Berryphase of the closed winding. The fermionic sign problem is resolved structurally: the minussign is not a reversal but a rotation, and the causal structure shows that it factorscompletely into a positive substrate count. The theorem of Troyer and Wiese (2005) isthereby not refuted but placed and defused: the remaining hardness is no longer afundamental sign barrier but a localised convergence or conditioning problem. Newstatements are marked NEW, proofs closed with ■, limits named honestly. All numericalresults come from exact diagonalisation of small lattices.
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Bodo Warteenberg (2026) studied this question.
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