Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure in elderly patients (2021)

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flow chart of HF diagnosis. BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; ECG, electrocardiogram; EF: ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; HFA‐PEFF, Heart Failure Association Pre‐test assessment, Echocardiography & natriuretic peptide, Functional testing, Final etiology; HFmrEF, HF with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure; NT‐proBNP, amino terminal proB‐type natriuretic peptide; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; UCG, ultrasound cardiogram; VO2, volume of oxygen

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  FIGURE 2. Diagnosis and treatment process of heart failure (HF) in elderly patients. GS, geriatric syndrome

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  FIGURE 3. Recommended treatment for chronic HFrEF. ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–enkephalinase inhibitor; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT‐D, CRT with cardioverter and defibrillation function; GDMT, guide‐directed medical therapy; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; SBP, systolic blood pressure

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  FIGURE 4. Treatment route for chronic heart failure (CHF) complicated with atrial fibrillation. ACS, acute coronary disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; bpm, beats per minute; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ECG, electrocardiogram; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, amino terminal proB‐type natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RFA, radiofrequency ablation