Current Approaches to Modulation of Intestinal Barrier Functioning in Piglets: A Literature Review

The modulation of the intestinal barrier integrity in piglets during the early postnatal period is pivotal to the restriction of the propagation of enteric diseases agents, digestive efficiency, and performance. This review focuses on the primary morpho-functional changes occurring in the piglets’ intestine after birth, including the development of the physical, chemical, and immune barriers. Critical stages in the maturation of intercellular adhesion and its role in keeping epithelial integrity are revised in detail. Particular stress is laid on the regulation of local immunity, including macrophage and dendritic cell involvement, secretory IgA production, and antimicrobial peptide synthesis. The mechanisms of interaction between intestinal microbiota and the immune system are discussed in respect of the stability of microbial community and adaptive immunity regulation. The roles of beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridia, in infection resistance and intestinal epithelium metabolism are analyzed. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of weaning on intestinal barrier integrity, given that weaning stress is often accompanied by dysbiosis, disturbed microbial composition, and inflammation. Current approaches to keeping intestinal barrier functioning are reviewed, including the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, exogenous enzymes, and antioxidant strategies. The efficacy of biologically active compounds, including short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids, polyphenols, and trace elements that strengthen intercellular junctions, modulate immune responses, and control inflammation, is discussed. The role of immunomodulators that activate local immunity, stimulate IgA production, and enhance antimicrobial defense is also considered. This comprehensive literature review highlights the mechanisms of intestinal barrier development in piglets, emphasizing its significance for animal health. The described data can be used to develop new strategies for managing piglet health and optimization of nutrition during weaning.