Wide-temperature metal-sulfur batteries: Challenges and opportunities

Metal-sulfur batteries have attracted increasing attention as promising energy-storage systems because of their high theoretical energy density, low cost, and environmental compatibility. However, the temperature sensitivity of metal-sulfur batteries severely degrades their electrochemical performance at extreme temperatures. It is therefore critical to develop stable and long-lasting metal-sulfur batteries that operate over a wide temperature range. Herein, a comprehensive insight into metal-sulfur batteries operating over wide temperature ranges is presented. The general principles of various metal-sulfur batteries and their temperature dependence are first introduced. Subsequently, the critical challenges facing metal-sulfur batteries are discussed. We then systematically elucidate solution strategies from the perspective of cathode design, anode tailoring, electrolyte modulation, and separator modification. These strategies are discussed in relation to their ability to address the key limitations that compromise the electrochemical performance and stability of metal-sulfur batteries. Lastly, the conclusion and outlook identify several crucial issues for further research to resolve the key challenges facing metal-sulfur batteries. Overall, this review will not only enhance our understanding of metal-sulfur batteries but also provide valuable insights into cutting-edge energy storage systems with superior performance, robust safety features, and a wide operating temperature range.