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The modern world faces critical challenges, particularly in the food packaging sector, due to the widespread use of non-biodegradable plastics. While naturally degradable polymers offer an alternative, their inherent limitations necessitate further enhancement. The incorporation of nanomaterials, specifically nanofillers, into biopolymer matrixes has emerged as a promising strategy to engineer safer, more durable food packaging materials. Nanofillers, categorized based on their materialistic composition and morphological dimensions, have revolutionized the development of biopolymer nanocomposites by significantly improving barrier properties, mechanical strength, thermal stability, controlled release, scavenging capabilities, and antimicrobial activity. These enhancements are crucial for advancing active and intelligent food packaging systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of nanofillers in enhancing biopolymer-based materials for food protection and shelf-life extension. Major advancements in fabrication techniques for biopolymer nanocomposites are systematically discussed. Additionally, the advantages and limitations associated with nanofiller incorporation are critically evaluated. With their unique functional properties, nanofillers hold great potential to replace conventional plastics, promote sustainable packaging solutions, and contribute to environmental remediation efforts. By bridging performance gaps, nanofiller-reinforced biopolymer composites represent a transformative approach for future industrial and commercial applications.
Yadav et al. (Tue,) studied this question.