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Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a leading hydrocolloid for biodegradable packaging films and edible coatings due to its film-forming ability, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. However, its application is limited by moisture sensitivity, poor mechanical strength, flammability, and inadequate gas barrier properties. This review explores the formulation, structural properties, and practical applications of CMC when blended with other polymeric compounds such as cellulose, starch, alginate, chitosan, and polylactic acid to overcome these limitations. Blending enhances tensile strength, water resistance, and antimicrobial functionality, extends food shelf life, and reduces reliance on synthetic plastics. Nanocomposite techniques and bioactive molecule incorporation further improve film performance. Innovative processing methods, including electrospinning and three-dimensional printing, offer new opportunities for structural enhancement. This literature review aims to assess key challenges, including material compatibility, processing efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability. CMC-based films, especially in composite formulations, show significant promise in advancing sustainable food packaging. However, for widespread industrial adoption, optimized formulations and ecoefficient production techniques are essential.
Kasle et al. (Tue,) studied this question.