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Detection-limit determination and field-deployment results for the SCAPS fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) cone penetrometer probe are presented. Probe design and issues concerning sample presentation and in situ matrix effects are also addressed. It was observed that a design in which measurements are made by a scanning optical system through a sapphire window in the probe produces detection limits that are at or below the EPA's site screening levels (SSLs) for Pb, Cd, and Cr in sand.
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Theriault et al. (1998) studied this question.
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