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Battery capacity fade analysis was conducted to enhance both battery life and safety for different battery thermal managements based on natural convection, forced convection, finned-natural convection, PCM, and liquid cooling channels combined with PCM. The numerical model was developed according to Newman's pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model, which included the generation of electrochemical heat. The capacity fade analysis showed that the temperature limit of 45 °C had the least negative impact on the battery life during charge/discharge cycles. In addition, the capacity fade was considerable as the battery temperature rose, showing 70% capacity loss after 500 cycles at 55 °C. The PCM provided a more uniform temperature distribution across the battery pack, however required extra heat dissipation mechanism. PCM cooling with liquid cooling channels could satisfy the temperature limits and significantly enhance the performance of battery heat management system.
Zadeh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.