Negative-Feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-Dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4

Although the formation of hydrostatic lung edema is generally attributed to imbalanced Starling forces, recent data show that lung endothelial cells respond to increased vascular pressure and may thus regulate vascular permeability and edema formation. In combining real-time optical imaging of the endothelial Ca(2+) concentration (Ca(2+)(i)) and NO production with filtration coefficient (K(f)) measurements in the isolated perfused lung, we identified a series of endothelial responses that constitute a negative-feedback loop to protect the microvascular barrier. Elevation of lung microvascular pressure was shown to increase endothelial Ca(2+)(i) via activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels. The endothelial Ca(2+)(i) transient increased K(f) via activation of myosin light-chain kinase and simultaneously stimulated NO synthesis. In TRPV4 deficient mice, pressure-induced increases in endothelial Ca(2+)(i), NO synthesis, and lung wet/dry weight ratio were largely blocked. Endothelial NO formation limited the permeability increase by a cGMP-dependent attenuation of the pressure-induced Ca(2+)(i) response. Inactivation of TRPV4 channels by cGMP was confirmed by whole-cell patch-clamp of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and intravital imaging of endothelial Ca(2+)(i). Hence, pressure-induced endothelial Ca(2+) influx via TRPV4 channels increases lung vascular permeability yet concomitantly activates an NO-mediated negative-feedback loop that protects the vascular barrier by a cGMP-dependent attenuation of the endothelial Ca(2+)(i) response. The identification of this novel regulatory pathway gives rise to new treatment strategies, as demonstrated in vivo in rats with acute myocardial infarction in which inhibition of cGMP degradation by the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil reduced hydrostatic lung edema.