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Globally, roughly 380 trillion liters of wastewater are generated annually, with a significant portion remaining untreated due to expensive treatment and lack of expertise, consequently, leading severe environmental and public health problems. This research aims to identify the most environmentally sustainable and eco-friendly approach to wastewater treatment . Results shows that, agricultural lignocellulose-based biomass (ALCB) biochar is highly effective for wastewater treatment due to its abundance, cost-effectiveness, and excellent adsorption properties. The ability of sustaining high carbon content makes it a valuable carbon sink beneficial for the carbon reduction. Annually, ALCB is widely available as a byproduct in developing countries like China 716 (million tons) Mt, India 605 Mt, Brazil 451 Mt, Pakistan 285 Mt as well as in developed regions U.S.A 682 Mt, and Europe 580 Mt. Pyrolysis , gasification, and torrefaction are mostly used methods for ALCB biochar production. Physicochemical properties including surface area, porosity, functional groups, pH, and elemental composition notably affected by production methods, feedstock types and reactor designs determine the adsorption performance and environmental safety of ALCB biochar. The adsorption mechanisms of the organic and inorganic pollutant on biochar are ion exchange, complexation, electrostatic attraction, pore-filings, and physical adsorption, etc. LCA assessment revealed that the utilization of ALCB biochar on wastewater treatment offers several economic, environmental, and educational benefits through the aspect of waste management, revenue generation, job creations, pollution control, trading and skill developments.
Zahoor et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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