Review of timescale distributions for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis: Advantages, synergies, and future directions

Four distributions of characteristic timescales have been proposed for the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. This review provides a unified treatment of all four distributions, covering their theoretical foundations, main properties, and practical applications. The assumptions and limitations of each distribution are also discussed to clarify its range of applicability. We then describe and compare the main deconvolution methods used to recover the four distributions from experimental data, and we outline a workflow for the analysis of impedance spectra that includes the synergistic use of more than one distribution. Several directions for future research are also identified. The review is conceived to clarify the practical role of these distributions in EIS analysis and to guide their use.