Modeling Multi-Cycle Degradation Evolution in Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Extreme CC-CV Charging and Operating Temperatures

The graphite anode in lithium-ion battery (LIB) is susceptible to degradation due to lower operating potential, and bottlenecks fast charging technology. Computational modeling provides an in-depth study of the degradation pathways affecting the battery operation, especially under extreme operating conditions. A physics-based model is developed to simulate the anodic degradation mechanisms in nickel-manganese-cobalt/graphite cells. Degradations due to solid electrolyte interface growth, lithium plating/stripping, and dead lithium are simulated with CC-CV charging over a range of charging rates (1 C–6 C) and isothermal operating temperatures (−15 °C–45 °C) over multiple cycles. The model provides an insight into the evolution of film resistance with battery ageing and its impact on the anodic overpotential. The results indicate interesting electrochemical behavior, including lithium plating suppression and irreversible stripping losses, over multiple operating cycles. The results portray the role of operating temperature on the reaction kinetics and growth rate of different degradation pathways. The model accounts for dead lithium deposition in the electrode/electrolyte interface and its saturation effect with battery cycling. Finally, the capacity fade and coulombic efficiency are estimated for the modeled cell. The developed model can be a guide to design LIBs, especially for higher charging rates (>3 C) and lower temperatures (<15 °C).