Chronic Disease with the Immune System in Internal Organs

The emergence and spread of unknown pathogens, such as COVID-19, have become a major concern in recent years due to their potential to cause pandemics and threaten our quality of life. Many pathogens can trigger chronic inflammation in various organs, which is a long-term and uncontrolled immune response that can develop many other diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, ocular disease, pulmonary disease, metabolic syndrome and autoimmune disease. Immune cells, particularly macrophages and T lymphocytes, exhibit complex phenotypes in chronic inflammation, highlighting the need for the development of safe drugs or treatments that are based on a better understanding of the exact mechanisms and related immune systems involved. This review provides a brief overview of the inflammatory response and associated diseases in several organs, with the ultimate goal of aiding the development of effective strategies for managing chronic inflammatory diseases and emerging pathogens.