Twice Exceptionality: Neuroscientific Foundations of the Coexistence of Giftedness and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

This preprint presents a narrative literature review on the neuroscientific foundations of twice exceptionality, focusing on the coexistence of giftedness and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The manuscript discusses the neural mechanisms associated with giftedness and ADHD, including neural efficiency, executive functions, frontostriatal circuits, functional brain networks, and the roles of the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. It also examines the educational and diagnostic implications of this heterogeneous cognitive profile. This work aims to contribute to the understanding of twice exceptionality by integrating evidence from neuroscience, psychology, and education, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary assessment and evidence-based educational practices. This manuscript is a preprint and has not undergone peer review.