Radiosonde‐Constrained Full‐Wave Modeling Framework for Near‐ and Far‐Field Electromagnetic Propagation in a Stratified Atmosphere

This research proposes a simulation‐based framework for electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in near‐ and far‐field regimes under varying atmospheric conditions. Within a compact‐range model, temperature, pressure, and humidity profiles from radiosondes are employed to create height‐dependent refractive index distributions. The propagation in a stratified dielectric medium is investigated using a frequency‐domain full‐wave formulation of Maxwell's equations. The transmission coefficient (S21), beamwidth, and phase delay are all analyzed numerically. The results demonstrate attenuation fluctuations of up to 12.4%, beam broadening of 3–5°, and an RMSE of 0.5–0.83 dB relative to standard conditions. The suggested approach increases prediction accuracy by ∼35% over static models and incorporates refractivity‐induced phase variations. The study is based on simulation, with future experimental validation expected.