Three-dimensional spin orientation in antiferromagnetic domain walls of NiO studied by x-ray magnetic linear dichroism photoemission electron microscopy

A determination of the three-dimensional spin directions in all types of domain walls (DWs) of antiferromagnetic NiO has been successfully performed by photoemission electron microscopy combined with x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD), both for s- and p-polarized light. By comparing the azimuthal angle dependence of the XMLD contrast in the DWs with cluster model calculations which include the crystal symmetry and full-multiplet splitting, we determine the spin structures in the 001 T walls, 011 T walls, 120^∘{} S walls, and 180^∘{} S walls. In some cases, distinct S walls are not formed between two adjacent S domains, and the spin direction changes gradually over a wide range of the S domain structures. In the S walls, the spin direction is parallel to the magnetic easy 111 plane. These spin configurations arise from the large difference in anisotropy energy between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Unexpectedly large widths in the several hundred nanometer range were observed for all the DWs. This also shows that NiO has a small magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy. Together with Monte Carlo simulation results, the qualitative phenomena concerning the wall energies are discussed. We further investigated the difference in wall energy between the 001 T wall and the 011 T wall. From the Monte Carlo simulation and an experimental study of heating effects, it is revealed that the 001 T wall energy is smaller than the 011 T wall energy.