Identifying sex and age of apapane and iiwi on Hawaii

Methods to determine the sex and age of Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea) were developed on the basis of 189 museum specimens and 91 live birds captured in mist nets on the Island of Hawaii.Both species retain all juvenal primaries and some juvenal secondaries and body feathers after the first prebasic molt and attain full adult plumage after the second prebasic molt.Apapane in their first basic plumage retain some buff-edged juvenal secondaries (particularly secondaries five and six) and sometimes retain a few gray-brown feathers on the head.The first basic plumage of Iiwi is characterized by secondaries 6-9 being longer and darker than secondaries 1-4 and the presence of a few yellowish juvenal body feathers with black spots at the tips.Adult male Apapane and Iiwi have longer wing, tail, exposed culmen, culmen and tarso-metatarsus lengths than females.Linear discriminant functions are presented to sex adult Apapane and Iiwi from lengths of their wing chord and exposed culmen.IDENTIFICACION DE LA EDAD Y EL SEXO DE HIMATIONE SANGUINEA Y VESTIARIA COCCINEA Sinopsis.--Sedesarrol16 la metodologia para determinar el sexo y la edad de individuos de Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) y de Iiwi (Vestiaria coccmea), a partir de 189 especlmenes de museo y 91 individuos capturados con redes en Hawaii.Ambas especies mantienen, luego de la primera muda prebfisica, todas las primarias, algunas secundarias y otras plumas de contorno tlpicas de los juveniles, y adquieren el plumaje de adulto luego de la segunda muda prebfisica.E1 Apapane, en su primer plumaje bfisico, retiene coloraci6n crema en la punta de algunas secundarias (particularmente la quinta y la sexta) yen ocasiones algunas plumas pardo-grisficeo en la cabeza.El primer plumaje bfisico del Iiwi se caracteriza por la presencia de algunas plumas de contorno amarillentas con puntos negros en la punta, (tlpicas del plumaje juvenil) y por tener las secundarias 6-9 mils largas y oscuras que las secundarias 1-4.Los machos adultos de Apapane e Iiwi tienen el ala, rabo, culmen expuesto, culmen y tarsometatarso mils largos que los de las hembras.Se presentan funciones lineares discriminantes para sexar adultos de Apapane e Iiwi a partir de la 1ongitud del ala y el culmen expuesto.The Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea) are closely related species of Hawaiian honeycreeper (Family Fringillidae, Subfamily Drepanidinae) found in forests of the Hawaiian Islands.Apapane are the most abundant Hawaiian honeycreeper and are found on all main islands.Iiwi are rare on Molokai and Oahu and became extinct on Lanai by 1929, but are common locally on Kauai, Maui and Hawaii (Scott et al. 1986).The long, decurved bill and scarlet plumage of the Iiwi make it one of the most spectacular of extant Hawaiian birds.Previous studies by Amadon (1950) and Baldwin (1952,