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Over the past two decades, Europe has experienced a succession of major crises, including the global financial crisis, the refugee crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the war in Ukraine. Rather than isolated events, these crises unfolded in close temporal proximity and often interacted with one another, generating cumulative pressures on political systems and institutions. The articles in this special issue shows how crises are not really “exceptional disruptions,” but rather transformative political moments that reshape relationships between citizens, institutions, and political actors across democratic and non-democratic settings; and their consequences depend on regime type, institutional configurations, political leadership, and societal responses.
Gherghina et al. (Tue,) studied this question.