Democratic regression in South Asia: diverging paths in five political systems

South Asia, long regarded as a region of resilient democratic norms and institutions is witnessing a steady erosion of these democratic norms. This article offers a comparative review of five countries – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka – examining how democratic backsliding is unfolding across different political systems, while incorporating recent electoral developments in Bangladesh and Nepal. Drawing on recent political developments, election trends and international assessments, the article highlights how elected governments are reshaping political systems by weakening institutional checks, curtailing dissent and centralising authority – often under the guise of popular mandates. While each country follows a distinct trajectory, common trends include growing authoritarianism, politicised nationalism and suppression of dissent. The article also reflects on the broader implications of this regression for regional cooperation, political stability and South Asia’s democratic future.