An Overview on Cognitive Function Enhancement through Physical Exercises

Figures

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  Figure 1. Taekwondo group demonstrating enhanced functional connectivity (Reprinted with permission [19]).

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  Figure 2. Overview of the brain regions affected by the intervention studies (A) intervention studies, (B) Fitness, (C) Physical activity. Blue figures indicate healthy adults, and red figures refer to the elderly. Comparisons were made between the volume and cortical thickness (Reprinted with permission [38]).

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  Figure 3. Impact of treatment conditions on change in peak muscle power and white matter volume from baseline to post-intervention (a,b) and from baseline to 2-year follow-up (c,d). Peak muscle power (in watts) values have been divided by 100. Cortical white matter volumes are expressed in cm3, and the dashed vertical lines represent the median score for each distribution. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. (Used with permission [42]).

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  Figure 4. The brain regions (right supplementary motor area, right paracentral lobule, left supramarginal gyrus and right angular gyrus) that were activated for the table tennis players (Used with permission [60]).

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  Figure 5. Higher activity was observed in the inferior parietal lobule and frontal gyrus in athletes compared with novices (Used with permission [64]).

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  Figure 6. The dance group demonstrated higher volumes in the frontal and temporal cortical areas compared with the sports group. Red-colored regions provide an overview of the regions ([66] with permission).

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  Figure 7. (a) Neural activity-induced oxygenation, changes in neurovascular units and changes in cerebral hemodynamics. (b) An illustration of NIRS on the human head and assumed shape of light and “long separation channels” (Used with permission [86] ).