Socio-economic inequalities in life expectancy of older adults with and without multimorbidity: a record linkage study of 1.1 million people in England

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Structure of the multi-state model, with five health states (boxes) and seven allowable transitions (arrows) between states.

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  Figure 2.. Prevalence of multimorbidity for adults aged 45 and over, by deprivation quintile, 2001–10, England, in men (left) and women (right).

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  Figure 3.. Incidence rates of multimorbidity for adults aged 45 and over, by deprivation quintile, 2001–10, England, in men (left) and women (right).

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  Figure 4.. Mortality rates for multimorbid adults aged 45 and over, by deprivation quintile, 2001–10, England, in men (left) and women (right).

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  Figure 5.. Life expectancies at age 65 for men—years spent with (positive) or without (negative) multimorbidity, by IMD 2007 quintile and smoking status. The scale on the graphs has been aligned to the point of multimorbidity onset, to clearly illustrate the social gradients of both components, e.g. overall, Q1 men spend the first 7.7 years of their life without multimorbidity (–7.7 years below the line of onset) before spending the next 10.4 years with multimorbidity (+10.4 years above the line).

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  Figure 6.. Life expectancies at age 65 for women—years spent with (positive) or without (negative) multimorbidity, by IMD 2007 quintile and smoking status. The scale on the graphs has been aligned to the point of multimorbidity onset, to clearly illustrate the social gradients of both components.

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  Figure 7.. Total life expectancies (A), split into time spent without multimorbidity (B) and time spent with multimorbidity (C) at 5-year age intervals from 65 to 90, by smoking status, Q3 men.

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  Figure 8.. Total life expectancies (A), split into time spent without multimorbidity (B) and time spent with multimorbidity (C) at 5-year age intervals from 65 to 90, by smoking status, Q3 women.